The flexibility gap: Socioeconomic and geographical factors driving residential flexibility

Residential consumers are moving to the center of electricity systems and their flexibility is seen as a key resource integrate renewable energy sources support grid. However, residential capacities not homogeneous, they depend on household appliances, comfort patterns, occupancy, climate conditions. Here, we calculate technical 45 consumer types in mainland Spain, organised according income regional criteria. We show that gaps exist at both socioeconomic (income) levels with differences up 10 times more capacity between groups from lowest highest capacities. These geographical can lead distortions national markets have potential exclude citizens provision services. Our results quantitative terms consumer-centered approach without considering correcting measures nor these drafting policies may increasing inequality sector. Under an economic competitive paradigm, households lower or located regions be excluded detriment larger potential, raising justice concerns flexibility-based transition. • A study among Spain presented. Demand side for ongoing Geographical exist. Socio will increase demand electrification.